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05 TYPES OF ECOSYSTEMS

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FOREST ECOSYSTEM

  1. Forests occupy roughly 40 percent of the land. In India these occupy roughly one-tenth of the total land area. The different components of forest ecosystem include:
  2. Abiotic components: Include inorganic and organic substances present in soil and atmosphere. Dead organic debris is also present in forests.

Biotic components: These include producers like trees, shrubs and ground vegetation .

Among the primary consumers are the herbivores which include animals feeding on tree leaves as ants, flies, beetles, spiders etc. and larger animals like elephants, deer etc.

Secondary consumers are the carnivores like snakes, birds and fox etc.

Tertiary consumers are the top carnivores like lion, tiger etc.

Decomposers include microorganisms like fungi, bacteria  etc.

GRASSLAND ECOSYSTEM

  1. roughly 19 percent of the earth’s surface. The various components of grassland ecosystem are:

Abiotic components:

These include the nutrients present in soil and the aerial  environment.

  1. C, H, O, N, P, S are supplied by Carbon dioxide, water, nitrates, phosphates and sulphates.

Biotic components:

  1. Producers: These are mainly grasses e.g. Cynodont species, Dicanthium species etc. Shrubs may also be present.
  2. . Consumers: These occur in the following sequence:
    1. Primary consumers are the herbivores feeding on grasses are mainly grazing animals as cows, deer’s and rabbit etc. Besides them there are insects, termites and millipedes that feed on leaves.
    2. Secondary consumers: Carnivores feeding on herbivores e.g. Fox, Snakes, frogs, Lizards etc.
  3. Decomposers: Microbes including fungi like Mucor, Aspergillus, Rhizopus etc and some bacteria etc.

DESERT ECOSYSTEM

  1. Desert occupy about 17 percent of land, occurring in the regions with an annual rainfall of about 25 centimeters.
  2. The species composition of such an ecosystem is varied and typical due to the extremes of temperature and water factors.

The biotic components include:

  1. Producers are shrubs, especially bushes, some grasses and a few trees.
  2. Consumers include animals like reptiles and insects which are able to live under xeric conditions. In addition, there are some nocturnal rodents and birds. The camel feeds on tender shoots of the plants.
  3. Decomposers are very few, as due to poor vegetation the amount of dead organic matter is correspondingly less. They are some fungi and bacteria.

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